Medication Exposure and Risk of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review of Evidence Across Common Drug Classes

Authors

• Bryn M. Southards, University of LynchburgFollow

Specialty

clinical research

Advisor

Dr. Sarah Bolander, DMSc, PA-C, DFAAPA

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. In the absence of widely effective disease-modifying therapies, attention has increasingly focused on modifiable risk factors. This clinical review summarizes current evidence regarding associations between commonly prescribed medications and subsequent AD risk. Medication classes examined include statins, proton pump inhibitors, benzodiazepines, lithium, anticholinergics, and anti-diabetic agents.

Available evidence is largely observational and heterogeneous, with findings influenced by exposure duration, patient population, underlying disease states, and confounding by indication. Benzodiazepines and anticholinergic medications have been associated with increased dementia risk in some studies, whereas statins and certain anti-diabetic agents may confer a protective association. Evidence regarding proton pump inhibitors and lithium remains mixed and inconclusive.

Although causal relationships cannot be established based on current data, clinicians should be prepared to discuss these associations with patients, incorporate them into individualized risk–benefit assessments, and support evidence-based shared decision-making. Additional high-quality research is needed to clarify the role of medication exposure in AD prevention.

Recommended Citation

Southards BM. Medication Exposure and Risk of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review of Evidence Across Common Drug Classes. University of Lynchburg DMSc Doctoral Project Assignment Repository. 2026; 8(1).